Tony Gondola:
The other thing I forgot to mention is that in your guide graph for Markab, Dec isn't converged. I'd know better with a longer graph but it's hanging out about two arc/sec north from where it should be and the guiding doesn't seem to be able to bring it down to the zero line. It could be that guiding isn't aggressive enough or something mechanical is working against it.
Hi Tony!
i tested again two days ago and now the whole thing looks much better. The Mount was perfectly polar aligned and balanced. I´ve collimated the secondary and primary mirror again and this was the result:

I´ve took 60x 120sec exposures on M15, not a single frame was wasted and the Guiding-Error was max. 0.72". But way way better than before. Here´s the Result of the stacking (without calibration frames - must take them again due to change of primary mirror and camera angle)

Thanks to everyone here for the tips and hints! Clear skies!